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This negotiation contains a selection of mini-models designed to provide an insight into the ongoing work of PACT and to demonstrate Quill's approach to visualising the archive material and tracking the process of negotiation. It differs from our usual approach in that we will be presenting only certain documents and moments in isolation, rather than including everything tabled during the course of a negotiation. This collection is still under construction, and we will be regularly adding small amounts of new material.
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Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editor's note: Maulana Hasrat Mohani's name does not appear on the list of those who presented their credentials on 15 July 1947; however, this is the first day in which he is recorded as speaking in the Constituent Assembly Debates.] Tuesday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors' Note: The focus of this model is the Freedom of Speech article, numbered Article 13 in the Drafting Committee Draft Constitution and Article 19 in the final Constitution. For the sake of demonstrating the mechanics of the parliamentary-style... Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editor's Note: Hukum Singh is not noted in the Debates as signing the register, so it is unclear when he joined the Assembly. However, as he tabled Amendment 127, which came up in this sitting, he had clearly arrived by this date. The editors have... Wednesday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors' Note: Between this date and 1 December 1948, the Constituent Assembly considered and adopted other articles to the Draft Constitution before taking up the Freedom of Speech clause, numbered Article 13 in the Drafting Committee's Draft... Thursday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Thursday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editor's note: Bhopinder Singh is not recorded as signing the register; however, this is the first day in which he is recorded as speaking in the Constituent Assembly Debates.] Tuesday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editor's note: Nand Lal is not recorded as signing the register; however, this is the first day in which he is recorded as speaking in the Constituent Assembly Debates.] Tuesday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
Technical Amendment Thursday December 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
Technical Amendment Thursday December 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
B.N. Rau's Draft Articles on Fundamental Rights Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Draft Report of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: In the sittings from 24 March 1947 to 30 March 1947, the subcommittee severally considered Munshi's draft articles. On 30 March 1947, the subcommittee took up the subject of directive principles and agreed the general principles to... Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: In this meeting and the next, the subcommittee severally considered the clauses of the report. This amendment represents the text that had been agreed prior to the consideration of Clause 37 so that readers might envision the Clause 37... Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The sub-committee took up Clause 38.] Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The report was referred to the Advisory Committee and the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities.] Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editors' Note: In the latter portion of the 18 April 1947 meeting, once the subcommittee finished its informal discussion of each clause of the report, it began to make formal decisions on each clause. In order to demonstrate the context in which... Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: The subcommittee moved on to the next sub-clause.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: Clause 35(ii) was taken into the document without amendment.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: Clause 35(iii) was taken into the document without amendment.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: Clause 35(iv) was taken into the document without amendment.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: Clause 35(v) was taken into the document without amendment.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: Clause 35(vi) was taken into the document without amendment.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: Clause 35(vii) was taken into the document without amendment.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: The subcommittee moved on to the next clause.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editors' Note: In the rest of the meeting, the subcommittee finished its formal discussion of each clause of the report. This amendment represents the text that was agreed after the consideration of Clause 35. No such amendment was actually proposed... Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: The Draft of the Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights as amended by the Minorities Subcommittee was referred to the Advisory Committee alongside the latter subcommittee's Interim Report.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The sub-committee's report was referred to the Advisory Committee for consideration.] Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
Draft Report of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights (consideration) Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
Draft Report of the Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights (Minorities Subcommittee) Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
Interim Report of the Subcommittee on Minorities Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editors' Note: The committee severally considered the clauses. In order to visualise the consideration of the relevant clause within context, this amendment represents the decisions that had been agreed up to that point. No such amendment was actually... Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Abdul Qaiyum Ansari submitted a letter on the agenda on this day and is listed as presented in the minutes for 28 July 1947. However, he is not noted as joining the Constituent Assembly and signing the register. The editors have... Thursday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Hifzur Rehman submitted a letter on the agenda on this day and is listed as presented in the minutes for 28 July 1947. However, he is not noted as joining the Constituent Assembly and signing the register. The editors have inferred,... Thursday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Khaliquzzaman joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 14 July 1947 and 25 July 1947, when is first recorded as speaking in the Minorities subcommittee.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Aney joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 14 July 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Bhargava joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 15 July 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Reddy joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 15 July 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Bhatt joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 15 July 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Desai joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 28 April 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Mehta joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 14 July 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Singh joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1946 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Sait joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 15 July 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Imam joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 14 July 1947 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: Govinddas joined the Advisory Committee at some point after his arrival to the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1946 and this session, where he is noted as present in the minutes.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: S. Ali Zaheer is listed as presented in the minutes on this day. However, he is not noted as joining the Constituent Assembly and signing the register. The editors have inferred, therefore, that he was a non-delegate member of the committee.] Monday July 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: The Advisory Committee drafted a supplementary report on Fundamental Rights and referred it to the Assembly.] Monday August 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 by the Constitutional Adviser
[Editor's Note: B.N. Rau joined the Constituent Assembly in the capacity of Constitutional Advisor.] Monday December 1946Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 by the Constitutional Adviser
[Editor's Note: Once the Constituent Assembly completed its consideration of the committee reports, they were referred to the Constitutional Adviser to be incorporated into a draft of the Constitution. The dates on which B.N. Rau prepared this draft... Tuesday October 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 by the Constitutional Adviser
Supplementary Report on Fundamental Rights (Advisory Committee) Tuesday October 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 by the Constitutional Adviser
[Editor's Note: B.N. Rau's draft of the Constitution was referred to the Drafting Committee.] Tuesday October 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Saturday November 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: The committee severally considered the articles. In order to visualise the consideration of the Article 32(ii) within context, this amendment represents the decisions that had been agreed up to that point. No such amendment was actually... Saturday November 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Saturday February 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: Once the committee finished its consideration of the B.N. Rau's draft, the revised article were referred to the Constituent Assembly. This amendment represents the text that was agreed after the consideration of Article 32 (including... Saturday February 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: Once the committee finished its consideration of B.N. Rau's draft, the revised articles were referred to the Constituent Assembly.] Saturday February 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors' Note: In the sittings from 15 November 1948 to 22 November 1948, the Assembly severally considered the draft articles and the amendments to them, which had been tabled from February to November 1948. This amendment represents the text that... Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Amendments Not Moved Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors’ Note: These amendments were not moved.] Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors' Note: The amendment was not moved.] Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Amendments Not Moved Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors’ Note: These amendments were not moved.] Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Amendments Not Moved Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors’ Note: These amendments were not moved.] Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Amendments Not Moved Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors’ Note: These amendments were not moved.] Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Amendments Not Moved Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors’ Note: These amendments were not moved.] Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Amendments Not Moved Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors’ Note: These amendments were not moved.] Monday November 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
Draft Constitution (Constituent Assembly) Thursday November 1949Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: The Drafting Committee received the Draft Constitution for revision. As noted in the 17 October 1949 session of the Constituent Assembly, this model focuses on the text of what became Article 39(b), so the articles that were adopted by... Thursday November 1949Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: Following the committee's drafting amendment, the revised constitution was taken up by the Assembly again.] Thursday November 1949Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Constituent Assembly
Article 39(f): Post-ratification Amendment Tuesday January 1950Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: For this meeting, both K.M. Munshi and B.N. Rau submitted draft articles on fundamental rights for the subcommittee's consideration. The Munshi articles formed the basis of discussion and were taken up one article at a time. These... Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Delineation of Rights Pertaining to Men, Women, and Children Sunday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: With the indefinite postponement of Article II, Section 2 (3) of Ambedkar's memorandum, Section 2 of the Directive Principles of Social Policy was accepted as amended.] Sunday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: Following this session, the subcommittee compiled its report, dated 3 April 1947, indicating the subcommittee's acceptance of the working document as amended.] Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: Following this session, the subcommittee compiled its report, dated 3 April 1947, indicating the subcommittee's acceptance of the working document as amended.] Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Draft Report of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: In the sittings from 24 March 1947 to 30 March 1947, the subcommittee severally considered Munshi's draft articles. On 25 March 1947, the subcommittee took up Article V, which contains the text of what would become Article 19. This... Monday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The subcommittee moved on to clause (g).] Wednesday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The subcommittee moved on to clause (h).] Wednesday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The subcommittee proceeded to consider the next clause, indicating that Article V(1) was accepted as amended.] Wednesday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Article V (2) Wednesday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The subcommittee moved on to Article VI.] Wednesday March 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 39 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: Once the subcommittee finished its consideration of the draft report, the revised clauses were referred to the Advisory Committee and the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities. This amendment represents the text that was agreed after the... Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editors' Note: Once the subcommittee finished its consideration of the draft report, the revised clauses were referred to the Advisory Committee and the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities. This amendment represents the text that was agreed aside from... Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights
[Editor's Note: The Report on Fundamental Rights was referred to the Advisory Committee and the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities..] Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: The subcommittee moved on to the next clause.] Friday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editors' Note: Once the subcommittee finished its consideration of the draft report, the revised clauses were referred to the Advisory Committee. This amendment represents the text that was agreed aside from the consideration of Clause 10 (including... Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Subcommittee on Minorities
[Editor's Note: The Draft of the Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights as amended by the Minorities Subcommittee was referred to the Advisory Committee.] Saturday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
Report of the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
Draft of the Subcommittee on Fundamental Rights (Minorities Subcommittee) Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
Clause 10 (a) Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: The committee took up sub-clause (c).] Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
Clause 10 (c) Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
Clause 10 (d) Monday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Wednesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
[Editors' Note: Once the committee finished its consideration of the report, the revised clauses were referred to the Constituent Assembly. This amendment represents the text that was agreed aside from the consideration of Clause 10 (including drafting... Wednesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Advisory Committee
[Editor's Note: The Committee's interim report on fundamental rights was referred to the Assembly for consideration.] Wednesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
Report on Fundamental Rights (Advisory Committee) Tuesday April 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 by the Constitutional Adviser
Interim Report on Justiciable Rights (Constituent Assembly) Tuesday October 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 by the Constitutional Adviser
[Editor's Note: B.N. Rau's draft of the Constitution was referred to the Drafting Committee.] Tuesday October 1947Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Drafting Committee
Editorial: Further Consideration of Clauses Saturday February 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: Once the committee finished its consideration of B.N. Rau's draft, the revised articles were referred to the Constituent Assembly. This amendment represents the text that was agreed after the consideration of Article 15 (including... Saturday February 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: Once the committee finished its consideration of B.N. Rau's draft, the revised articles were referred to the Constituent Assembly.] Saturday February 1948Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Constituent Assembly
[Editors' Note: At the end of this sitting, the Assembly adjourned the session. During the adjournment, the Drafting Committee made a series of drafting amendments to the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly took up the redrafted Constitution at its... Monday October 1949Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Drafting Committee
Draft Constitution as Considered by the Constituent Assembly Thursday November 1949Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Drafting Committee
Drafting Amendments Thursday November 1949Committee: Negotiation of Article 19 in the Drafting Committee
[Editors' Note: At this point, the Drafting Committee made a series of drafting amendments to the constitution. As the focus of this model is Article 13 (19), the editors have only represented the drafting amendments relating to that article and the... Thursday November 1949