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Constitution Writing in the American West (NEH)

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This collection charts constitution-writing in the American West, encompassing five of the state constitutional conventions that took place in 1889. Our cutting-edge visualisations allow users a more thorough understanding of the context within which key decisions were made, the origins of certain constitutional provisions, and how the negotiations were structured. The collection was made possible by a generous Digital Advancement Grant from the National Endowment For the Humanities.

Unlike the Federal Convention, the records of the state constitutional conventions of the US have been little studied and analysed. These states in particular—North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Wyoming and Idaho—were chosen for the project because they are still in effect today (albeit in amended forms). They shed light on a particular moment in state constitutional history, when the territories of the American West were vying for statehood. Four of them began on the 4th of July, with Wyoming’s constitutional convention commencing at the beginning of September. These digital models were predominantly constructed using the official Convention records, with supplementary sources such as newspapers consulted to fill in gaps in the record. Scans of all of these materials, including many boxes worth of state archival material that has not been previously digitised, have been incorporated into the model as ‘resource collections’. The full collection was published in September 2023. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the web resources generated by this project, do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

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Description: Following the rejected 'Sioux Falls' Convention of 1885, the South Dakota Convention met and began the drafting process in July of 1889. They used the articles of the Sioux Falls Convention as starting propositions to begin the amendment process. The South Dakota Constitution was ratified in October 1889.

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Description: Idaho's Constitutional Convention went from July 4, 1889 - August 6, 1889. Using the work that began in the standing committees, drafted reports or articles became the ratified Idaho Constitution in November 1889.

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Description: The Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention of North Dakota from July to August of 1889.

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Description: Washington's first constitutional convention met between July and August 1889 to draft the state's foundational text.

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Description: The Dakotas Joint Committee for the Division of Property began on July 16, 1889 and dissolved on July 31, 1889. It allowed for delegates from both the North and South Conventions to meet in Bismarck and negotiate the splitting of the Territory of Dakota.

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Description: The Wyoming Constitution Convention began September 2, 1889 without the authorization from an enabling act. The articles were individually voted on, creating the final Constitution of Wyoming on September 30, 1889. It was later ratified on November 5, 1889.

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Description: Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled to Adopt a Constitution for the State of Utah

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A collection of Appendix B: Journal of the Joint Commission found in the appendices of the Journal of the Constitutional Convention for North Dakota of 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original Debates of the Wyoming Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, Idaho News, for the record of the Idaho Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Ketchum Keystone, for the record of the Idaho Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Lewiston Teller, for the record of the Idaho Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original Journal of the Wyoming Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the Journal of the Proceedings of the Joint Commission between the 1889 Constitutional Conventions of North Dakota and South Dakota.

A collection of the North Dakota Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the North Dakota Journal from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Oakes Weekly Republican, for the record of the North Dakota Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Bismarck Weekly Tribune, for the record of the North Dakota Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Dickinson Press, for the record of the North Dakota Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Hope Pioneer, for the record of the North Dakota Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the Idaho Proceedings and Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the South Dakota Debates from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the South Dakota Journal from the 1889 Constitutional Convention.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Mitchell Capital, for the record of the South Dakota Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Sully County Watchman, for the record of the South Dakota Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Turner County Herald, for the record of the South Dakota Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of primary source material from the Journal of the Washington Constitutional Convention of 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Spokane Falls Review, for the record of the Washington Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, for the record of the Washington Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Washington Standard, for the record of the Washington Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Yakima Herald, for the record of the Washington Constitutional Convention 1889.

A collection of the digital scans of the original newspaper, the Cheyenne Daily Leader, for the record of the Wyoming Constitutional Convention 1889.